境内、境外两个同时进行的诉讼程序,彼此交织,相互关联,也要求律师团队具有高超的管理程序的能力、与境外律师合作的能力和贯彻客户战略意图的能力。可以说,代理一起复杂的撤销保函止付令及索兑保函的跨境商事案件,要求律师团队至少在接手工作后的两个月内,像“7-11连锁商店”的店员那样随时待命,与境外律师团队、客户、翻译团队无缝衔接,不间断地工作。
当接到C公司委托我们处理意大利诉讼的指示时,我们的确心存担忧。I公司是当地最大的企业,也是纳税和就业“大户”。我们担心,意大利小城的法院可能会存在“地方保护主义”。此外,在欧陆诸国中,意大利的民事诉讼程序进展较慢(曾有人戏称在意大利法院的诉讼程序为“Italy Torpedo”,没完没了地持续进行)。但通过本案至少说明,如果中国当事人可以在第一时间委聘合适的律师,及时提交有说服力的答辩状并出席庭辩的话,意大利作为欧盟成员国,其法院在整体上仍然较为尊重事实和法律,法官有勇气做出有利于外国当事人的裁决。
三、小结
综上所述,涉及“见索即付保函”的跨境商事案件,往往牵涉到境内外多个诉讼、仲裁程序,属于复杂、疑难、高标的额的商事案件。无论是保函申请人申请法院签发止付令,还是受益人希望撤销止付令或通过另案起诉银行,都需要各方当事人在较短时间内,对保函文本进行分析,从而初步判断保函的属性。
如果银行保函确属于见索即付保函,保函申请人需要考虑是否能够通过止付令有效地阻止受益人索兑保函。本文中的两个案例显示,无论是在英美法系还是大陆法系的司法区域内,法院会考虑到银行独立保函的商业信誉,以及它为受益人提供现金的主要功能,而倾向于支持撤销止付令,或判决银行迳行付款。
因此,对中国法院而言,在《独立保函司法解释》出台后,对签发保函止付令应采慎重的态度;对中国的银行而言,如果确实开立了见索即付保函,则应考虑与各方当事人通过和解磋商的方式解决争议;对作为保函受益人的中国企业而言,则应及时聘请律师,通盘考虑诉讼策略,争取通过在境外法院的应诉,尽快撤销保函止付令。
注释:
Should the Seller fail to make such repayment, we shall pay you the amount the Seller ought to pay with interest on that amount at the rate of […]6 month LIBOR +2 pct per annum if the cancellation of the contract is exercisedby you for the delay caused by non-permissible delays […] in accordance with the provisions of article II 1 (C) […] within 30 days after our receipt of the relevant written demand from you for repayment. Such demand (‘an authenticated demand’) may be made by you in writing by any one or more of the following means: 1. By you through your bank and duly authenticated by your bank, or 2.By your bank on your behalf through authenticated SWIFT…
However, in the event of any dispute between you and the Seller inrelation to 1. Whether the Seller shall be liable to repay the instalment orinstalments paid by you and 2. Consequently whether you shall have the right to demand payment from us, And such dispute is submitted either by the Seller orby you for arbitration or appeal in accordance with article XII of thecontract, we shall be entitled to withhold and defer payment until thearbitration award or court order is published. We shall not be obliged to make any payment to you unless thearbitration award or court order orders the Seller to make repayment. If theSeller fails to honour the award or court order, then within thirty (30) daysafter the publication of award or court order we shall refund to you to theextent the arbitration award or court order orders but not exceeding theaggregate amount of this guarantee plus the interest described above. […]”
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